College and University Classes,_ p. 1032. . Letter from Tania Bruguera to Tiziana Terranova, 7 June 2010. . Letter from Tania Bruguera to Tiziana Terranova, 29 May 2010. . Ibid. . Author's interview with Tania Bruguera, 8 December 2011. . Ibid. . On Tania Bruguera and the US protests, see, for example, Sarah Leonard, 'The Art of Protest: Tania Bruguera', _The Nation,_ 29 April 2010; _The Art Newspaper,_ Summer Issue, 2007; _Artforum,_ September 2012; and Matthew G. Kirschenbaum, 'Tania Bruguera: Art as Politics in Crisis', _Socialist Review,_ no. 132 (Summer 2010). . See James T. Campbell, 'The Bruguera Interview', at (accessed 12 July 2012). . Ibid. . Ibid. . Anamarga means freedom, in Gujarati, the language of Ahmedabad in which Bruguera was educated. . 'Tania Bruguera: Censoring Protest in an Empire of Signs', _Socialist Review,_ no. 136 (Summer 2011). . See 'Letter from Tania Bruguera to Uruguayan President José Mujica and Members of the Uruguayan Assembly', June 2011. . On 'Somos+', see 'Conversation with Tania Bruguera', at (accessed 3 March 2012). . On the 2010 Bolivian protests, see 'Bolivia: After Evo', at (accessed 10 March 2012). . 'Tania Bruguera at the Biennale de Lyon: "My Revolution", _Artforum,_ March 2012. . I.B. Tauris, 'From Avant-Garde to Aesthetic of Political Engagement: The Aesthetic Transformation of Tania Bruguera's Art Practice', _Oxford Art Journal,_ 35:3 (2012): 333. . Ibid., 339. . Ibid., 344. . Ibid., 341. . Ibid., 346. . Piotr Piotrowski, 'Invisible Borders and Disabling Constraints: Geopolitics of (De)Colonization in the "New" Europe', in _Visualising Colonial Encounters: Nineteenth-Century Illustrations,_ eds Mary Louise Newburg, Jan Hennings and David Bindman (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999), p. 188. . Tania Bruguera, 'A Letter to Toni', in ibid., p. 188. . Tania Bruguera, 'An Open Letter to the World', in ibid., p. 194. . Régine de Laet, 'Régine de Laet, Tania Bruguera' _Artforum,_ vol. 61, no. 4 (March 2002). . Tania Bruguera, 'An Open Letter to the World', in ibid., p. 194. . Ibid. . Svetlana Boym, _The Future of Nostalgia_ (New York: Basic Books, 2001), pp. 23, 24. . An earlier version of this chapter was written as a report for the Art Documentation Programme of the Berlin Printmaking Workshop in September 2012. Chapter 17 . For the sake of clarity, I use 'Lebanese' instead of 'Lebanese diaspora'. . See 'A Culture of Dissent: The Lebanese Diaspora and the Crisis in the Arab Region' (2009) at (accessed 7 March 2012). . There were also some Lebanese-born artists among the Palestinian diaspora artists, for example, the filmmaker Mohammad Malas. . See, for example, _Makashfa: Lebanon_ (2002) and _Leila and the Shadows_ (2006), both by Ibrahim el Batouti; _Tirat al-Lawz_ (2002) by Georges Meri; _Désirs_ (2002) by Nadim Labaki; and _The Wind That Screams_ (2006) by Mireille Noual Hage. . Ibrahim el Batouti, _Makashfa: Lebanon_ (2002). . See Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 10. . See 'A Culture of Dissent: The Lebanese Diaspora and the Crisis in the Arab Region' (2009). . See Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 8. . Ibid., p. 11. . See _Cinema Plus,_ special issue on Copt culture (2009). . See Aisha Ebel, 'Contemporary Lebanese Artists and the Politics of Representation', _Art Journal,_ 67:2 (Spring 2008), and the article by Alia Hamdy in the same volume. . On the political culture of the Ba'ath Party, see Michel Aflaq and Adib al-Rihan, _A Study of Ideology: Ba'ath Party, 1962–1991_ (Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1992). . See the chapter on Lebanon in Nada Shabout, _The Visual Culture of the Arab–Israeli Conflict_ (London: IB Tauris, 2009), pp. 111–28. . This was a reference to the publication of one of the most poignant Palestinian refugee poems, 'When my house is falling/I will return to my country', in _al-Karmel (al-Urdun): al-Quds_ (Damascus: Dar al-Watan lil-Nashr, 1947), pp. 10–13. . An online search using Google News archives was conducted on 23 February 2013. The full results of the search, which included articles in both Arabic and English, may be viewed at . . Ibid. . Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 4. . See Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 12. . Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 12. . Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 13. . Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 9. . Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 14. . Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 14. . Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 15. . Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 13. . Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 16. . Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 17. . Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 20. . Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 21. . Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 26. . Samia Abbou, _The Naked Subject: Essays on Contemporary Arab Culture_ (London: Saqi, 1999), p. 24. . See Samuel S. Kim and Marwan Younan, 'The Influence of Art on Urban Space: Architecture and Landscape in Beirut's Southern Suburbs', in _Identity and Memory in the Middle East: A Historical and