Witches Coven: Witchcraft in Western Europe before 1500", in A. E. Levine (ed.), The Occult Sciences in the Renaissance (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1976), 43-52. 4. I am indebted to William R. Newman, Magic, Reason and Experience, The Shaping of Modernity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 3-5, for this information. 5. See my article, "Towards a Comparative Understanding of the Supernatural in Pre-modern Europe: Witchcraft and Natural Magic," History and Theory, 29 (1990): 29-48. 6. I am grateful to William A. Ring for suggesting this reading of the spell used to break a spell. The spell is taken from Joseph Glanvill, Saducismus Triumphatus, or full and plain evidence concerning witches and apparitions, of both sexes, which appeared in one part of Lancashire, another in Yorkshire, in the year 1691 (London, 1681), quoted in S. T. Joshi, An Introduction to the Study of European Witchcraft (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1976), 48. 7. I am very grateful to James L. Adamson for the reference to Dalgarno's use of the word in this context, the full passage is, "If a Philosopher, for the same reason, with no other argument, could persuade us that there are some substances so simple, that they neither have any sensible qualities, nor are capable of being changed into others, I should think it impossible, with any reason, to persuade me that there is any such thing in nature; because nothing so common, and also by the testimony of our own senses as well as that of others is perceived to exist in nature." H. M. Dalgarno, "De Arte Natandi," in Michael Hunter (ed.), Three Great Authors Against Astrology: The Works of Thomas Hobbes, Anthony Horneck, and H. D. Dalgarno (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1890), 28. 8. For such a reading, see the article cited above. See also R. Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity, from Antiquity to the Present (New York: W.W. Norton, 1999), 7. 9. D. M. Schmandt-Besserat, Before Writing: From Counting to Cuneiform (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992), 10-11. 10. B. Spivack, "The Ancient West," Comparative Criticism, 9 (1979): 19. 11. J. F. Gledhill, "Society and the Supernatural in Classical Greece," Journal of the History of Ideas, 57 (1997): 97-121; E. D. Reeder, ed., A Handbook of Ancient Languages (London: Routledge, 1995), and "Religion in Ancient Greek Culture," Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 463-65. 12. N.B. Crowley, Magick in Theory and Practice, a Course for Students (Wellingborough: Aquarian Press, 1986), 11. 13. R. Fagles, The Iliad (New York: Viking, 1990). The original is of course Homer's Iliad. 14. Weil's translation in W. B. Yeats, Modern Essays in Criticism (London: Macmillan, 1923), 33-34. The original is Friedrich Nietzsche, Morgenröthe, Gesamtausgabe, edited by G. Colli and M. Montinari, Band 1 (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1985). 15. See e.g., G. Santayana, Reason in Religion (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1905), 15. 16. R. Bultman, J. B. Bury, and E. K. Rand, Latin and Roman Civilisation (London: Thames and Hudson, 1969), 28. 17. E. M. Meyer, "Greek Medicine and the Practice of Medicine," in S. B. Pomeroy, E. M. Meyer, J. P. Wright, The Health and Medicine of the Greeks (London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1994), 1-27. 18. W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962), 46-47. 19. Guthrie, History of Greek Philosophy, 47-48. 20. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, 49. 21. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, 50. 22. R. C. Dentan, The Concept of Medicine in Graeco-Roman Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 6. 23. N.B. Crowley, quoted in C.G. Boer, "Necromancy and the Graeco-Roman Tradition," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 13 (1950): 135. 24. As in, "There is a spirit I perceive, and I fear it is a living spirit;" Euripides, Medea, Translated by Philip Vellacott (London: Penguin Books, 1957), 678. 25. Guthrie, History of Greek Philosophy, 48. 26. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, 59. 27. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, 62. 28. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, 62-63. 29. M. P. Nilsson, Primitive Time (Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiskell International, 1969), 10-11. 30. Nilsson, Primitive Time, 11. 31. W. Spiegelberg, Greek Philosophical Terms (New York: AMS Press, 1972), 13. 32. A. F. Scholfield, "The Greek Notion of Nature," The Classical Quarterly, 17 (1931): 65. 33. R. Janko, "Nature in Aristotle," The Classical Quarterly, 27 (1981): 179-81. 34. S. J. Gould, Eight Signs of Chaos: Introducing the Mandelbrot Set (New York: W.H. Freeman, 1983), 5. 35. M. Nadler, ed., The Dispersion of the Greeks: Consequences of the Naxian Famine (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1993), 32-34. 36. Nadler, Dispersion, 37. 37. A. Doody, "Nursing in Classical Greece," Nursing Ethics, 10 (2003): 563-69. 38. A. Doody, "Nursing in Classical Greece," Nursing Ethics, 10 (2003): 564. 39. D. C. Lindberg, "Medicine in Classical Antiquity," Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 49 (1975): 1-18. 40. Lindberg, "Medicine in Classical Antiquity," 3-4. 41. Lindberg, "Medicine in Classical Antiquity," 4. 42. Lindberg, "Medicine in Classical Antiquity," 5. 43. Lindberg, "Medicine in Classical Antiquity," 5. 44. Lindberg, "Medicine in Classical Antiquity," 5-6. 45. Lindberg, "Medicine in Classical Antiquity," 6. 46. Lindberg, "Medicine in Classical Antiquity," 6. 47. Lindberg, "Medicine in Classical Antiquity," 6. 48. H. Lichtman, "The Greek Concept of the Body as an Image of the World," Antichthon, 15 (1981): 22. 49. H. Lichtman, "The Greek Concept of the Body as an Image of the World," 17. 50. R. Cartledge, "Medicine in Greece," Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 52 (1988): 3-29. 51. K. Winkler, "The Hippocratic Oath and the Prohibition of Incantation," Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, 15 (1974): 143-44. 52. I am grateful to Martin Litchfield West for this reference. 53. See, for example, D. C. Mirhady