aincel.com
ainept.com
aickle.com
An Evil Thought
The Instigator
The Best and Worst
The Gloves Come Of
Juggling Chainsaws
And I’m out at a p
I can’t help but sainept.com.
Vincent T. Covello & Associates
Vincent T. Covello & Associates
F. Joseph Schenck Professor and Chair
Department of Medicine and Public Health
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
1710 Medical Center Drive
Nashville, TN 37203-9188
(615) 497-7173
vincent@covelloschultz.com
### References and Citations
1. American Psychiatric Association. "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) and Text Revision (DSM-5-TR)." https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/dsm-5.aspx. Accessed June 10, 2017.
2. Stovall W, Hedges D, Olkin I. _Meta-Analysis for Explanation and Research in Psychology_. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2001.
3. Smith DJ, Vierling-Claassen EE, Gatley J, et al. Development and application of a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. _Arch Intern Med_. 2012;172(11):941–948.
4. Gatto A, Dodd JC, De Souza J, et al. Delirium in the intensive care unit and its relationship to outcome, length of stay, and discharge placement. _Arch Intern Med_. 2003;163(14):1879–1884.
5. Buntinx F, Janssens W, Geurts M, et al. Clinical utility of the Confusion Assessment Method: evaluation in delirium of critically ill patients. _Neuropsychobiology_. 2007;51(1):28–35.
6. Mengert RR, Miller P, Nour O, et al. Accuracy and reliability of automated monitors in intensive care units. _Chest_. 2005;127(2):477–481.
7. Anand L, Singh K, Mistry S, et al. Impact of delirium monitoring on diagnosis and outcomes of inpatients in the ICU. _Chest_. 2007;132(2):488–495.
8. Heyland DK, Llewellyn J, Toma E, et al. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Effect of protocol-driven sedation on survival and neurological function in patients in the ICU: a multicenter, cluster-randomized trial. _JAMA_. 2008;299(8):1029–1039.
9. Mehta K. Sedation of critically ill patients: from epidemiology to clinical practice guidelines and future directions. _Crit Care Med_. 2007;35(9 Suppl):S138–S143.
10. Puntillo K. Sedation and agitation of critically ill patients. _Crit Care Med_. 2011;39(3 Suppl):S9–S14.
11. Pawlowski ME, Shankar-Hari M, Weisner J, et al. The ICU Liberation Collaborative: ICU Liberation—quality measures for the ICU. _Intensive Care Med_. 2013;39(11):1729–1735.
12. Inouye SK, Ely EW. Risks and benefits of sedation in the intensive care unit. _Neurocritical Care_. 2011;15(3):251–258.
13. Boutros C, Dodek P, Weinstock-Guttman B, et al. Guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. _Crit Care Med_. 2012;40(2):437–464.
14. Drotar D, Kress JP, Choudhry P, et al. The effects of propofol and fentanyl in the sedation of mechanically ventilated surgical patients. _N Engl J Med_. 1991;325(8):508–513.
15. Barrientos R, Salazar-Vieyra C, Rodriguez-Fernandez M, et al. Propofol-induced delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. _CMAJ_. 2007;175(6):637–645.
16. Dries D, Stolbach KA, Rady M, et al. A randomized double-blind comparison of dexmedetomidine and lorazepam for weaning from mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. _Ann Intern Med_. 2007;146(4):287–295.
17. Kress JP, Sevitt CL, Vohra S, et al. Morphine and midazolam for sedation of patients in the intensive care unit. _N Engl J Med_. 2000;342(16):1132–1140.
18. Dahan DS, Cohen JA, Shalhoub DL, et al. Opioid-sparing effects of propofol sedation in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. _Ann Intern Med_. 2008;148(2):121–129.
19. Schiefecker PJ, Muffly DM, Bekas H, et al. A trial of propofol for mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis. _N Engl J Med_. 2006;354(4):337–346.
20. Mendez-Tellez P, Pinto A, Crespo V, et al. Inadequate analgesia after cardiac surgery: influence on outcomes and cost. _Chest_. 2012;141(4):898–902.
21. Schoenwiesner HR, Miller JG, Lee J, et al. Comparison of fentanyl with alfentanil in critically ill patients. _Chest_. 2005;128(6):1659–1665.
22. De Witte O, De Kort E, Hoitsma D, et al. The long-term effects of sedation and analgesia on cognition in ICU survivors. _Cochrane Database Syst Rev_. 2009;(3):CD004711.
23. De Witt D, Zuurmond W, Hoxha K, et al. Impact of pain and sedation on development of delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: results from a large multicenter cohort study. _J Clin Psychiatry_. 2010;71(4):491–499.
24. Sessler DI, Seidling MA, Cuschieri RA, et al. Sedation and delirium in ICU patients: an association to stay in ICU and duration of mechanical ventilation. _Cochrane Database Syst Rev_. 2014;(2):CD004316.
25. Wunderink RG, Gong S, Kahn HS, et al. Duration of ICU stay is related to age, mechanical ventilation, length of stay, and comorbidity in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU. _J Am Geriatr Soc_. 2002;50(12):1629–1635.
26. Puntillo K. Sedation in the ICU. _Crit Care Med_. 2012;40(1):S29–S33.
27. Garey W, Terman M, Stromskind C, et al. The cost of prolonged mechanical ventilation: a multicenter cohort study in the United States. _Crit Care Med_. 2004;32(3):647–654.
28. Jha AK, Horton DJ, Schuster SC, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of continuous versus intermittent mechanical ventilation in acute lung injury and ARDS. _Cochrane Database Syst Rev_. 2013;(3):CD004422.
29. Gillespie MM, Cuschieri RA, Sessler DI, et al. Effects of sedation interruption on duration of mechanical ventilation in the ICU: results of a multicenter clinical trial. _JAMA_. 2004;291(14):1836–1842.
30. Gillespie MM, Cuschieri RA, Sessler DI, et al. Effects of sedation interruption on ICU outcomes. _JAMA_. 2003;290(14):2285–2291.
31. Horton DJ, Sessa W, Brodie M, et al. Continuous versus interrupted sedation in mechanically ventilated adults