Mama Said There'd Be Days Like This: Voices of the Civil Rights Movement," _Civil War Times_ , June 8, 2012. _The NAACP would take the lead_ : "The Battle Over Lynching," _Philadelphia Tribune_ , March 17, 1901; Walter White, "Lynching," _The Crisis_ (August 1922); and Walter White, "Why Not Negroes Vote?," _Crisis_ (March 1927). _The NAACP's main strategy was litigation_ : David Levering Lewis, _W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race: 1868–1919_ (Henry Holt, 1994); James Baldwin, "Behind the Attacks on Clarence Darrow: An Open Letter to Carl Van Doren" (1958); "Abraham Lincoln and the Freedom Struggle," _Ebony_ , June 1967; and Thurgood Marshall, "From Protest to Politics" (July 1947), _New York Times_. See also the section on the "Negro protest campaign" in Du Bois's _Crisis_ for 1921, January–February 1922. _The organization also advocated voting rights for black men_ : William Hastie, "The South in Time and Space," _Crisis_ , March 1927; and W. E. B. Du Bois, "To the Nations of the World," _Crisis_ , January 1928. _But it was President Woodrow Wilson_ : John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, _From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans_ (Vintage, 1988), p. 245. " _We are not satisfied_ ": James Weldon Johnson, "God of Liberty," _Crisis_ , September 1912; and Paul Robeson, _Here I Stand: Selected Speeches and Writings_ (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), pp. 29–30. _In their most famous action_ : "The Negro Protest—Where Is It?," _Washington Bee_ , July 20, 1912; W. E. B. Du Bois, "Lynch Law in Georgia," _Crisis_ , November 1914; "Crisis to Stop Lynch Law!" _Crisis_ , October 1917; and Charles C. Edwards, "The World's Court," _Crisis_ , July 1919. _On September 18, 1920, eight white men in Monroe, Georgia_ : "Lynching in Monroe," _Crisis_ , December 1920; "Southern Lynching's Long Record," _Baltimore Afro-American_ , March 24, 1921; Thurgood Marshall, "The Crisis of the South," _Boston Guardian_ , March 25, 1921. _In a letter to Marshall_ : Marshall, "The Crisis of the South." _In its first major case_ : U.S. Supreme Court, _U.S. v. Cumming_ , et al., 247 U.S. 31 (1918); see also "The Lynching of the Cumming Sisters," _Crisis_ , March 1918; Alfred H. Brooks, "The Legal Status of Lynching," _Crisis_ , March 1918; "Lynching's Legal Status," _Crisis_ , April 1918; and W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Present Crisis," _Crisis_ , May 1918. _As Du Bois had suggested_ : "Lynch Law in Georgia," _Crisis_ , June 1921; and "Lynching in Georgia Again," _Crisis_ , July 1921. _It was one such case_ : _Atlanta Constitution_ , July 18, 1922; _New York Times_ , July 22, 1922; and Du Bois, "The Present Crisis." _By the end of the summer_ : _Crisis_ , August 1922; _New York Times_ , August 23, 1922. _He had been found guilty_ : _Baltimore Afro-American_ , August 17, 1922; and U.S. Supreme Court, _Strauder v. State of West Virginia_ , 100 U.S. 303 (1880). _The case had been appealed_ : _Atlanta Constitution_ , August 31, 1922; U.S. Supreme Court, _Moore v. Dempsey_ , et al., 272 U.S. 541 (1926); and _New York Times_ , August 22, 1922. _Yet the NAACP's legal team_ : "Race Prejudice in the South," _Washington Bee_ , October 12, 1922. _The Atlanta lynching did not occur in Georgia_ : see the case of _United States v. Smith_ ; U.S. Supreme Court, _Woods v. Miller_ , 307 U.S. 183 (1939). _At the time_ : _New York Times_ , May 18, 1925; W. E. B. Du Bois, "The Lynching of Oscar Daniel," _Crisis_ , December 1925; and Thurgood Marshall, "The Passing of the Hustings Act," _Atlanta Constitution_ , March 4, 1926. _To understand the history of the black vote_ : Leon F. Litwack, "Brightwater: Lynching and Race in the 1930s," _New York Times_ , April 1, 1976; and "Lynching of a Negro Woman in 1931: The Story of the Murder of Ella Sheppard of Albany, Georgia," _Daily Worker_ , March 8, 1972. _The NAACP filed suits_ : _New York Times_ , March 19, 1931; "'Lynch Caps' are a Way of Life," _Atlanta Constitution_ , July 3, 1935. _In 1926, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled_ : _Bailey v. Alabama_ , 219 U.S. 219 (1910). _In 1930, Congress passed a law_ : _New York Times_ , March 23, 1935; _Daily Worker_ , September 16, 1935; and _New York Times_ , January 14, 1931. _On December 19, 1931, two armed men_ : "Murder Is in Negro Georgia," _Atlanta Constitution_ , December 21, 1931; "Murder in Georgia," _Atlanta Constitution_ , December 21, 1931; "Murder Charged in Georgia Lynching," _Atlanta Constitution_ , December 22, 1931; _Atlanta Constitution_ , December 22, 1931; "Murder Is in Negro Georgia," _Atlanta Constitution_ , December 22, 1931; and "Negro Is Acquitted in Southern Lynch Case," _Chicago Daily Tribune_ , January 7, 1932. _The next day, after a mob broke into the jail_ : "Murder in Georgia," _Atlanta Constitution_ , December 21, 1931; "More Lynching in Georgia," _Atlanta Constitution_ , December 21, 1931; "The Lynching of George Crawford," _Atlanta Constitution_ , December 24, 1931; "The Negro Murders," _Atlanta Constitution_ , December 27, 1931; "Lynching Scandals," _Atlanta Constitution_ , December 29, 1931; and "Lynching to End in Georgia," _New York Times_ , December 31, 1931. " _I don't want to pass judgment_ ": see the section on Marshall and Johnson in chapter 1. _In December 1934, Governor Vandiver of Georgia_ : "Lynching Beats Georgia Again," _Atlanta Constitution_ , December 31, 1934; "The Second Lynching in Georgia," _Atlanta Constitution_ , December 31, 1934; and "Negro Lynching in Georgia," _Chicago Daily Tribune_ , January 1, 1935. _The governor would go on to threaten_ : Charles F. Crisp, _Bloodless Victories: The North Georgia Lynching of the 1930s_ (University of North Georgia Press, 2011), p. 42. _A man named Henry Howell_ : "Georgia Will Try 3 Men on Charges of Lynching, Mob Action," _New York Times_ , April 3, 1935. _Yet in Atlanta, Georgia's black newspapers_ : "A New Wave of Lynching in Georgia," _Atlanta Constitution_ , May 3, 1935. _Georgia's governor was the son of a Confederate general_ : Charles F. Crisp, "Vandiver, George Talmadge, Rebel, and Savior of Georgians," _Atlanta Journal and Constitution_ , July 8, 2003. _On March 12, he issued a proclamation_ : "Governor Backs Negro Vote," _Atlanta Constitution_ , March 12, 1935; "Proclamation for Negro Registration," _Atlanta Constitution_ , March 11, 1935; "Governor Vandiver Denounces Lynching: 'State Must Protect," _New York Times_ , March 17, 1935; and "Governor Vandiver Calls for Help from National Defense Board: Atlanta May Be Assailed, Too," _New York Times_ , March 14, 1935. _The next day the governor issued another_ : "More Lynching in Georgia," _Atlanta Constitution_ , March 13, 1935; "Lynching Scandal Flares Up in Georgia," _Atlanta Constitution_ , March 13, 1935