What Happened on Exile, Stays on Exile," The Washington Post, January 5, 2008, available at www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/04/AR2008010401073.html. 7. The author visited Haiti in February 2008 and spoke with many women. 8. A point made in James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998). 9. James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998). 10. Jean-Claude Duvalier and Jean-Claude Ravier, with the collaboration of Peter Magubane, Our Common Future: Roch Thériault and the Duvalier Family, translated by Elizabeth Ruff (Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1996). 11. Lallah has not been formally charged with any wrongdoing or abuse of authority. Many Haitian activists feel the case against her is politically motivated, as she has been a strong supporter of President Aristide and critical of the army's role in repressing his followers during the military coup of 1991. 12. Amnesty International, "Exile or Death: Human Rights Abuses in Haiti Following the Coup d'Etat in 1991," AMR 54/001/1999, August 1999, available at . 13. According to an Associated Press account, Haiti's former president Jean-Bertrand Aristide, once again on the run, was found guilty of corruption on May 26, 2006. During a nine-hour trial a special commission found Aristide guilty of corruption and misuse of state funds. A two-year prison sentence for misuse of state funds was imposed. See Michael C. Bender, "Aristide Faces Trial in Haiti on Corruption Charges," The Washington Post, May 27, 2006, available at . 14. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, in a May 22, 2006 report, observed that "despite significant improvements in security in the Port-au-Prince area, conditions for many hundreds of thousands of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the capital remain deplorable and dire." Report by the High Commissioner on Human Rights on the "Situation of Human Rights in Haiti: 2005," A/60/377, May 22, 2006, . 15. The Center for a Stateless Society (c4ss.org), "The Haiti Massacre," A Journal of the Revolutionary Left, Issue 43 (August 2007), at www.revolutionaryleft.org/media/c4ss43/mccarthy.html. The author was one of the four eyewitnesses interviewed for the report. 16. Cited in Giles Ji Ungpakorn, "The Politics of Crisis and the Politics of Disaster," International Socialist Review, Issue 70 (Spring 2006), at www.isreview.org/issues/70/crisis.shtml. 17. The authors are referring to the March 14, 2004, coup by the so-called coup d'état against President Jean-Bertrand Aristide and subsequent U.S.-led occupation of Haiti, which followed. 18. The authors refer to the April 29, 2004, coup by General Raoul Cédras, which saw the return of Aristide to the country in an attempt to return a semblance of democracy to the country. The coup was followed by the U.S. occupation. 19. It was alleged that the coup d'état of 1991 had caused the U.S. to make an oil concession deal with Haiti. In the deal, America made "a deal whereby, in return for lifting the price controls on oil production and sales, Haiti would allow U.S. oil companies to explore, produce, process, refine and market petroleum products in Haiti." To allow this, Haiti eliminated all tariff and quotas and granted them a tax holiday. Cited in Jim Lobe, "Gulf Oil Deal with Haiti Could Bring Big Fruits," Inter Press Service, February 1, 1997, available at . 20. There are two exceptions to this trend—the recent Haiti earthquake and U.S. policy toward Colombia. 21. These organizations are: the Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR), in Washington, DC; the Economic Policy Institute (EPI), in Washington, DC; and the Institute for Policy Studies, in Washington, DC. 22. U.S. State Department, "Fact Sheet: Haiti" (October 4, 2000), available at www.history.state.gov/milestones/1898-1919/harvard. 23. Cited in U.S. Department of State, "Fact Sheet: Haiti," available at www.history.state.gov/milestones/1898-1919/harvard. 24. Cited in U.S. Department of State, "Fact Sheet: Haiti." 25. "United States Budget for FY 2005," Congressional Record, July 21, 2004, at pg. H4424, available at . 26. Paul Collier and Andrew Mellinger, "The WTO, the IMF and the World Bank in Haiti: Why and How?" World Bank Working Paper, December 2005. 27. The World Bank provided the authors with the statistics on these statistics. 28. "The World Bank, Development Finance Institutions and Poverty Reduction: A Preliminary Review of Experience in Haiti," The World Bank, March 2004. 29. Cited in U.S. House of Representatives, "Haiti: The Humanitarian Disaster," by the Select Committee on Trade and Global Competitiveness, September 21, 2004, available at . 30. The following data are based on statistics provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), U.S. State Department, and U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 31. Cited in U.S. Department of State, "Fact Sheet: Haiti." 32. Quoted in the U.S. Department of Labor, "USDA Food and Nutrition Services Food Distribution Program," January 15, 2006, available at www.usda.gov/news/pubs/2006/01-15-06/index.html. 33. The figures for 2004 are based on the data provided by USAID, OCHA, and the U.N. Office of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), "Haiti Earthquake," May 12, 2006, available at www.unocha.org/haiti/HaitiEarthquake.htm. 34. The figures for 2004 are based on the data provided by USAID, OCHA, and the U.N. Office of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), "Haiti Earthquake," May 12, 2006, available at www.unocha.org/haiti/HaitiEarthquake.htm. 35. USAID, "U.N. Haiti Flash Facts: May 26, 2006," June 8, 2006, available at www.usaid.gov/haiti/media_kit/articles/flash_facts_06_05_26.html. 36. The figures for 2005 are from the Haiti Country Briefing Center (HBCC), The Haiti Country Briefing Center (HBCC), 2006, available at www.thp.org/borders/index.cfm?cat=hbcc.pdf. 37. This is based on the average monthly income of the general population from the 2006 economic study mentioned above, which averaged out to about $220. 38. Figures taken from the U.S. Department of Labor, "USDA Food and Nutrition Services Food Distribution Program," January 15, 2006, available at www.usda.gov/news/pubs/2006/01-15-06/index.html. 39. Data from the US Department of Labor, "U.S. Labor Force Statistics," available at www.dol.gov/agencies/labor. 40. The figures for 2004 are based on the data provided by USAID, OCHA, and the U.N. Office of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), "Haiti Earthquake," May 12, 2006, available at www.unocha.org/haiti/HaitiEarthquake.htm. 41. This statistic, the U.S. Census Bureau reports, was used as a source in Haiti's 2004–2005 Country Economic Report for the USAID, "USDA Food and Nutrition Services Food Distribution Program," available at